# Introduction

## 18.11.2020 | Regression/Linear

### Contents/Index

@1. Introduction
2. Using Vector Notation

Linear regression is the task of fitting a linear model/function to some observed values $y$ given some arguments $x$. This task scales to any linear system of equations.

In essence we want to find $\hat{y}$ given some true $y$ and an argument $x$. In order to do this we introduce the squared error as $$SqrErr = (y_n - f(x_n))^2$$ Here we have that $\hat{y}_n = f(x_n)$, and that $f$ is linear, that is on the form $$f(x) = w_1 x + w_0$$ The idea of linear regression is to minimize the squared error hence fitting $f$ as best as possible. We do this by optimizing $w_0$ and $w_1$ on the mean of the squared error. That is $$argmin_{w_0,w_1} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{n = 1} SqrErr(w_0,w_1)$$ We solve by differentiating and solve the result equal to 0. We rewrite $$\frac{1}{n} \sum (y_n - f(x_n))^2 = \frac{1}{n} \sum y_n^2 + f(x_n)^2 - 2y_n f(x_n)$$ we substitute $f(x)$ with the form it has $$\frac{1}{n} \sum y_n^2 + (w_1 x_n)^2 + w_0^2 + 2w_1 w_0 x_n - 2y_n (w_1 x_m + w_0)$$ we differentiate, with respect to $w_1$ we get $$\frac{1}{n} \sum 2w_1 x_n^2 + 2w_0 x_n - 2y_n x_n$$ and with respect to $w_0$ we get $$\frac{1}{n} \sum 2w_0 + 2w_1 x_n - 2y_n$$ We solve the first derivative equal to 0, and we get: $$0 = 1/n \sum 2w_1 x_n^2 + 2w_0 x_n - 2y_n x_n \Rightarrow \\ 0 = 1/n \sum w_1 x_n^2 + w_o x_n - y_n x_n \Rightarrow \\ 0 = 1/n \sum (w_1 x_n^2 + \bar{y} x_n - w_1 \bar{x} x_n) - \bar{yx} \Rightarrow \\ 0 = w_1 (\bar{x^2} - (\bar{x})^2) + \bar{y} \bar{x} - \bar{yx} \Rightarrow \\ \underline{w_1} = \frac{\bar{yx} - \bar{y} \bar{x}}{ \bar{x^2} - \bar{x}^2 }$$ Where bar/overline means arithmetic mean and underline means argmin. We solve the second equal to 0, we get: $$\underline{w_0} = - \frac{1}{n} \sum w_1 x_n + y_n$$

## Example with Python

We can do an example. Given $$xs = [1.2,2.0,3.3,4.0,4.9]$$ and $$ys = [2.5,3.5,4.0,4.5,5.0]$$ we can define them as numpy arrays and obtain on them along the needed $yx$ and $x^2$ of them. We can then calculate $w_1$ and $w_0$ as thus:

import numpy as np xs = np.array([1.2,2.0,3.3,4.0,4.9]) ys = np.array([2.5,3.5,4.0,4.5,5.0]) yxs = ys * xs xs2 = xs ** 2 w1 = (yxs.mean() - ys.mean() * xs.mean()) / (xs2.mean() - xs.mean() ** 2) w0 = ys.mean() - w1 * xs.mean() print("f_model1(x) = " + str(w1) + "x + " + str(w0))

We can even plot $\hat{y}$ compared to $y$ with the following python code:

y_hat = w1 * xs + w0 plt.scatter(xs,ys,color="red") plt.plot(xs,y_hat,color="blue") plt.show()

Resulting in the plot in Figure 1.

For recording how well the model fits we can use the R squared value. This is computed with the following code

ss_res = ((ys - y_hat) ** 2).sum() ss_tot = ((ys - ys.mean()) ** 2).sum() r2 = 1 - ss_res / ss_tot print("r^2 = " + str(r2))

For which we get $r^2 = 0.965109$. This is a quite high value, meaning the model fits quite well. Which can be seen on the plot.